Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1
PhD graduate in Quran and Hadith Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Shahid Motahari Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,, Iran
10.22034/isqs.2026.52145.2413
Abstract
The sixtieth verse of Surah Al-Anfal, with its central command to "prepare power" (i'dād al-quwwah) and its introduction of the concept of "hidden enemies" (wa-ākharīna min dūnihim lā taʿlamūnahum), establishes the strategic foundations of security theory in Islam. This research employs qualitative content analysis and a comparative approach to examine exegetical interpretations, exploring the basis of scholarly disagreement on the identity of these enemies and its implications for Islamic security theory.
Findings indicate that the Quranic concept of "power" (quwwah) encompasses broad material and spiritual dimensions. Furthermore, the identification of the "others" with diverse groups—such as Jews, Persians, hypocrites, jinn disbelievers, and all unknown adversaries—highlights the multifaceted, dynamic, and complex nature of threats in Islamic thought. The primary factors shaping these interpretive differences are identified as narrative, linguistic, historical, and theological foundations.
This diversity of opinion underscores key principles within Islamic security theory: uncertainty in the security environment, the necessity of strategic surprise management, the vital role of intelligence, comprehensive preparedness, active and multi-layered deterrence, the importance of internal security, and the inseparable link between security and the economy. The study offers contemporary, practical implications for Muslim societies.
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